ʻO nā mea hao hao pale wela a me ko lākou mālama ʻana i ka wela

ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela he mau ʻāpana i hoʻolei ʻia mai ke kila hoʻoheheʻe wela e like me nā mea maka. Ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe, ua kapa ʻia ke kila me ke kūpaʻa oxidation, lawa ka ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila wela i ʻelua mau ʻano: oxidation-resistant steel a me ka wela-ikaika kila e like me kona mau waiwai. ʻO ke kila anti-oxidation i kapa ʻia he kila ʻili ʻole. ʻO ke kila ikaika wela e pili ana i ke kila i loaʻa ke kūpaʻa oxidation maikaʻi i nā wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. I ka hihia o ka mea hoʻohui kemika like, ʻoi aku ka ikaika wela o ka mokuʻāina as-cast ma mua o ka moku i ʻōwili ʻia. ʻO nā ʻāpana kila wela hoʻolei e noho i kahi hapa nui ma ke kahua o ke kila wela.

He paʻakikī ke hana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o kekahi mau kila wela-alloy kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana o nā castings ma mua o nā huahana i ʻōwili ʻia, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻomanawanui. No laila, noho ka kila hoʻolei wela i ka hapa nui o ke kila pale wela. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻolei ʻana i ke one, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana hoʻolei pololei no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana me nā ʻili laulima a me nā ana kikoʻī. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻolei ʻana o Centrifugal no nā paipu umu wela wela no ka haki ʻana o ka ammonia synthetic a me ka ethylene.

E like me ka hana metallographic i ke kūlana maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila hoʻolei wela i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: pearlite heat-resistant steel, martensitic heat-resistant steel, ferritic heat-resistant steel, a me austenitic heat-resistant steel.

 

1. Ke kila hoolei mehana wela Pearlitic

ʻO nā mea hoʻohuihui o ka pearlite heat-resistant cast steel ka nui o ka chromium a me ka molybdenum, a ʻo ka nui o ka nui ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 5%. Ma waho aʻe o ka pearlite a me ka ferrite, he bainite nō hoʻi kona ʻano. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano kila ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaʻina hana ma 500-600 ℃. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e hana i nā ʻāpana pale wela ma lalo o 600 ℃, e like me nā paipu kila boiler, nā impellers turbine mahu, nā rotors, nā mea hoʻopaʻa, nā kīʻaha kiʻekiʻe, pipelines, etc. ʻO nā māka maʻamau: 16Mo, 15CrMo, 12Cr1MoV, 12Cr2MoWVTiB2Mo10 , 25Cr2Mo1V, 20Cr3MoWV, etc.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela o ka pearlite heat-resistant steel castings ka mea maʻamau a i ʻole ke kinai ʻia a me ka huhū i mea e loaʻa ai kahi hale paʻa, nā waiwai mechanical piha maikaʻi a koi ʻia ka ikaika ma lalo o nā kūlana wela kiʻekiʻe.

 

2. ʻO ke kila hoʻolei ʻana i ka wela Martensitic

ʻO ka maʻi chromium o ka martensitic heat-resistant cast steel he 7-13%. Loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation a me ka pale ʻana i ka wai ma lalo o 650 ℃, akā ʻilihune kona weldability. 1Cr13, 2Cr13 e pili ana i ka 12% chromium, a me nā māka kila i hoʻomohala ʻia ma kēia kumu e like me 1Cr11MoV, 1Cr12WMoV, 2Cr12WMoNbVB a me nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana turbine mahu, discs, shafts, fasteners, etc. etc. hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā kiwi hoʻopau no nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko he mau kila wela martensitic.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela maʻamau no ka martensitic heat-resistant steel castings e normalizing + tempering.

 

3. Ferritic Heat-pale hoolei kila

ʻO ka Ferritic heat-resistant cast steel he nui aku ka chromium, aluminika, silicon a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i kahi hoʻolālā ferrite hoʻokahi-phase, he maikaʻi ke kūpaʻa oxidation a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kinoea kino kino kūʻē, akā haʻahaʻa ko lākou ikaika wela kiʻekiʻe, ma ka lumi wela ʻO ka brittleness ʻoi aku ka nui a ʻilihune ka weldability. E like me 1Cr13SiAl, 1Cr25Si2, a pēlā aku. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kila Ferritic heat-resistant no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a koi aku i ka pale ʻana i ka wela wela.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wela o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wela ferritic e hoʻohana maʻamau i ka annealing i mea e hōʻoluʻolu ai i ke kaumaha, a laila hoʻomaha wikiwiki (i mea e hele wikiwiki ai i ka brittle zone o 400-500 ℃).

 

4. Austenitic Heat-pale hoolei kila

Austenitic wela hoolei kila i oi austenite-hana mea e like me nickel, manganese, naikokene, etc., i ka mahana ma luna o 600 ° C, he maikai kiʻekiʻe-mehana ikaika a me ka structural paʻa, a me ka maikai kuʻihao hana. Hoʻohana maʻamau ma ke ʻano he mea ikaika wela e hana ma luna o 600°C. ʻO nā māka maʻamau ʻo 1Cr18Ni9Ti (321), 1Cr23Ni13 (309), 0Cr25Ni20 (310S), 1Cr25Ni20Si2 (314), 2Cr20Mn9Ni2Si2N, 4Cr14Ni14W2Mo, etc.

Hiki ke mālama ʻia ke kila anti-oxidation Austenitic me ka wela wela wela e loaʻa ai ka deformation anu maikaʻi. Hoʻohana mua ʻia ke kila wela Austenitic me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela wela, a laila lawe ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka wā kahiko ma 60-100 ℃ kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mahana e hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolālā a hoʻoheheʻe i ka lua o ka hana e hoʻoikaika ai i ka matrix.

 

Nā hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hao hao pale wela

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kila wela no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana e hana ana i nā wela kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e like me nā boilers, nā ʻenehu mahu, nā mīkini mana, nā umu ahi, a me nā ʻoihana mokulele a me nā ʻoihana petrochemical. Ma waho aʻe o ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe-mehana a me ke kiʻekiʻe-mehana oxidation a me ka corrosion kū'ē, pono kēia mau ʻāpana i ka paʻakikī kūpono, ka hana maikaʻi a me ka weldability, a me kahi pae o ka paʻa o ka hoʻolālā e like me nā hoʻohana like ʻole.

 

ʻO kekahi mau ʻano o ka hao hao pale wela a me kā lākou mau noi
Papa kila	ʻO ka wela a me nā noi
00Cr12	ʻO ka mahana anti-oxidation 600 ~ 700 ℃, hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe valve kino, puhi
0Cr13Al	Hoʻohana ʻia ka pae wela 700 ~ 800 ℃, ʻea turbine compressor blade
1Cr17	Anti-oxidation ma nā mahana ma lalo o 900 ℃, hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā nozzles no nā umu.
1Cr12	ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka oxidation a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka wela ma ke ʻano wela o 600 ~ 700 ℃ a hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻāpana wela kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāpana turbine mahu, nā nozzles, a me nā kīwaha puhi paila.
1Cr13	ʻO 700 ~ 800 ℃ ka mahana o ka oxidation, a ua like kona hoʻohana ʻana me ke kila 1Cr12.
0Cr18Ni9，1Cr18Ni9Ti	ʻO ka mahana anti-oxidation ma lalo o 870 ℃, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka boiler heating surface pipe, heat heat exchanger, muffle furnace, converter, nozzle.
0Cr18Ni10Ti, 0Cr18Ni11Nb	He kūpaʻa i ka corrosion kiʻekiʻe a me ka oxidation i ka pae wela o 400 ~ 900 ℃, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā paipu paipu nona ka mahana hana ma lalo o 850 ℃
0Cr23Ni13	ʻO ka mahana anti-oxidation a hiki i 980 ℃, hoʻohana ʻia no ka pahu ahi puhi ahi, ka pahi turbine mahu, ke kino umu wela, ka mīkini hoʻololi methane, ka mea hoʻokaʻawale wela kiʻekiʻe.
0Cr25Ni20	ʻO ka mahana anti-oxidation a hiki i 1035 ℃, hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomehana ʻana i nā ʻāpana umu; ʻāpana ʻōnaehana hoʻoili kinoea me ka mahana hana ma lalo o 950 ℃
0Cr17Ni12Mo2, 0Cr19Ni13Mo2	ʻAʻole haʻahaʻa ka mahana anti-oxidation ma mua o 870 ℃, ʻo ka mahana hana he 600 ~ 750 ℃, nā paipu hoʻololi wela a me nā pono o ka umu no ka ʻoihana kemika a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila.
0Cr17Ni7Al	ʻO nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe me ka mahana hana ma lalo o 550 ℃