ʻO ke kila kalapona he hui kila me ke kalapona ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui nui a me kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea kemika ʻē aʻe. E like me ka maʻiʻo o ke kalapona, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kila kalapona i hoʻolei ʻia i ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa, ke kila kalapona waena a me ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka maʻiʻo kalapona o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 0.25%, ʻoiai ka maʻiʻo kalapona o ke kila kalapona ma waena o 0.25% a me 0.60%, a ʻo ka ʻike kalapona o ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 0.60% a me 3.0%. Hoʻonui ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila kalapona hoʻolei me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike kalapona.ʻO ke kila kalapona hoʻolei i kēia mau mea maikaʻi: haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai, ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kalapona hoʻolei no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana e amo ana i nā haʻahaʻa kaumaha, e like me ke kūpaʻa wili kila a me nā kumu paʻi hydraulic i nā mīkini kaumaha. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana e pili ana i nā ikaika nui a me ka hopena, e like me nā huila, huila, bolsters a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ma nā kaʻa kaʻa.
