ʻO Monel 400 Nickel Based Alloy

ʻO ka monel alloy kahi mea hoʻohui Ni-based, ʻo kāna mea hana kemika nui he nickel (Ni), ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa a hiki i ka 67%, ʻo ka mea hana kemika nui ʻē aʻe he keleawe (Cu), a loaʻa pū kekahi mea hao (Fe) , manganese (Mn) a me kalapona (C), silikoni (Si) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka alloy Monel ma mua o ka nickel maʻemaʻe, a hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ka ʻino o nā ʻano media like ʻole, me ka wai kai kahe wikiwiki. ʻO nā ʻano hana o Monel alloy ka hana wela, ka hana anu, ka mīkini a me ka welding.

I ka makahiki 1901, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Robert Crooks Stanley, he metallurgist ma ka International Nickel Company (INCO), i ka alloy Monel.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumu o ka inoa alloy Monel ma ka ʻike e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka luna hoʻomalu o ka hui ʻo Ambrose Monell (Ambrose Monell). Ma hope mai, ua lawelawe ʻo Mr. Stanley ma ke ʻano he pelekikena o ka International Nickel Corporation. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ka patent monel i ka makahiki 1906.

ʻO ka huila Monel kahi huila pipiʻi nona ke kumukūʻai he 5-10 mau manawa o ke keleawe maʻemaʻe a me ka nickel maʻemaʻe. No laila, hoʻohana wale ʻia i nā noi kahi hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā mea ʻē aʻe.

 

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kino a me nā ʻano Mechanicl o Monel 400 Alloy (N0440):

 

Hoʻohui Kimia o Monel 400 Alloy (%)
C ≤	Si ≤	Mn ≤	P ≤	S ≤	Cr ≥	Ni ≥	Mo ≥	Cu ≤
0.3	0.5	2	-	0.024	-	63	-	28.0-34.0
ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe	N ≤	A l≤	Ti ≤	F e≤	Co ≤	V ≤	W ≤	Nb ≤
	-	-	-	2.5	-	-	-	-

1. Monel 400 (N04400) ikaika tensile alloy: σb ≥ 450 Mpa.
2. Monel 400 (N04400) ka ikaika e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka alloy: σb ≥ 170 Mpa.
3. Monel 400 (N04400) alloy elongation: δ ≥ 30%.

 

Na waiwai o Monel Alloy

ʻO ka huila Monel kahi mea paʻa paʻa binary alloy. No ka mea, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Ni a me Cu i kekahi i kekahi, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi huila hoʻokahi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kila, paʻakikī ka hana ʻana o ka alloy Monel, ma muli o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona paʻakikī o ka hana. Pono ia e huli i nā māmā haʻahaʻa a me nā uku hānai haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ka mānoanoa o Monel alloy 400 he 8.80 g / cm3, ʻo ka pae wela o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana he 1300 ~ 1350 ° C, ʻo ka conductivity ma kahi o 34% IACS (e pili ana ʻo IACS i ka International Standard Conductivity of Annealed Copper), a ʻo ka waiwai paʻakikī annealed he 65 HRB. Ua kaulana ʻo Monel alloy 400 no kona ʻano paʻakikī a hiki iā ia ke mālama i kēia ʻano paʻakikī i kahi pae wela nui.

Hiki iā ia ke pale aku i ka ʻino o nā ʻakika like ʻole a me nā alkalis, a hiki i kekahi mau ʻāpana Monel ke kūpaʻa i ka puhi ʻana o ka oxygen maʻemaʻe. Hoʻohana maʻamau ia i nā wahi corrosive loa. Hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Monel alloy K-500 ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi o ka alumini (Al) a me ka titanium (Ti) i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion e like me Monel alloy 400 akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika, ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka γ'phase i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka monel alloy ma mua o ke kila kila.

Hiki i ka Monel alloy 400 ke mālama i nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi ma lalo o ka ʻole. ʻOiai e piʻi ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī, e emi iki ka plasticity a i ʻole ka paʻakikī. ʻOiai inā e hoʻomāʻalili ʻia i loko o ka hydrogen wai, ʻaʻole e hoʻololi ʻia ka ductile-brittle. ʻO kēia ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o Monel alloy a me nā mea metala ferrous (he kila a me ka hao) me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ka huila Monel he kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka corrosion ma nā wahi he nui, akā hiki i ka ʻōpala ke ʻike ʻia i ka wai paʻakai; ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke pale i ka ʻino o ka media i loaʻa ka nitric oxide, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide a me hypochlorite. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huila Monel e hoʻopōʻino i ka electrochemical. ʻO ia hoʻi, i ka wā e hoʻopili ai nā mea hoʻopaʻa i ka aluminika, zinc a hao paha me Monel alloy, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana (e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai kai kahe wikiwiki), hoʻopaʻa metala E ʻino koke nā ʻāpana.

 

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huila Monel

Aerospace
I ka makahiki 1960. Ua lanakila ʻo Monel alloy i ka nui o nā kauoha ma ke kahua o ka lewa a me ka hana mokulele. Hoʻohana nui ʻia e kūkulu i ka fuselage a me ka ʻili o nā mokulele mokulele hoʻokolohua. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka North American X-15 e pale i ka nui o ka wela i hana ʻia e ka aerodynamic friction i ka holo wikiwiki loa. Hiki i ka monel alloy ke hoʻomau i kona ikaika ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa, e ʻae iā ia e mālama i kona ʻano paʻa i nā wikiwiki lele lele. I ka wā o ka mālama ʻana i ka mokulele, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Monel alloy e like me ke kaula laka i nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe e hōʻoia i ka paʻa ʻana o nā mea paʻa; no nā kumu waiwai, hoʻohana mau ʻia nā uea paʻa kila kila ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe.

ʻOhi ʻaila a hoʻomaʻemaʻe
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Monel e hana i nā ʻāpana e pili pono i ka waika hydrofluoric concentrated i loko o kahi ʻāpana alkylation. He mea kupaianaha ke kū'ē kū'ē o Monel alloy i ka waika hydrofluoric. Hiki iā ia ke pale aku i nā manaʻo a pau o ka waika hydrofluoric, a hiki i ka mahana ke hiki i ka paila paila o ka waika hydrofluoric. ʻO kēia paha ka mea me ka pale ʻino maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā mea ʻenekinia i hoʻohana mau ʻia. Hiki i ka monel alloy ke pale aku i ka ʻino o nā sulfides like ʻole a me ka waika hydrochloric i kahi kaiapuni hoʻemi.

ʻEnekinia Moana
ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻino ʻana o Monel alloy he mea kūpono ia no nā noi kai, e like me nā ʻōnaehana paipu, nā ʻauʻau pahū, nā kiwi kai, nā laina lawaiʻa trolling, a me nā kānana hīnaʻi. ʻAʻole loaʻa ka magnetik kekahi mau ʻāpana Monel, a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā kaula heleuma no nā minesweepers a me nā hale no nā lako ana ʻana. Ma nā moku moku, hoʻohana ʻia ka uwea huila Monel e laka i nā kaula kaula heleuma. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka monel alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā pahu wai a me nā pahu wahie a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe o lalo o ka wai, e like me nā propeller shafts a me keel bolts.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o ka pilikia o ka hoʻoheheʻe electrochemical (bimetallic corrosion) i ka wai kai, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka alloy Monel mai nā metala ʻē aʻe (e like me ke kila) i ka wā o ka hana moku. Ua paʻi ʻia ka New York Times ma ʻAukake 25, 1915. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala ma "no ka pōʻino o kahi moku moku he 215 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi: "ʻO ka moku moku mua i hana ʻia kona kino holoʻokoʻa me Monel alloy ua lilo i mau ʻāpana i loko o ʻeono pule wale nō. koi ʻia e ʻoki". Mahalo i ka hoʻoheheʻe electrochemical, ua hoʻopau koke ʻia ke kiʻi kila o ka yacht ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana me Monel alloy, ka mea i alakaʻi i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka lalo o ka yacht. Ma ke ʻano o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka manu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i nā mea no ke apo ʻike wāwae o ka manu, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke apo ʻike wāwae o ka manu i hana ʻia me ka alloy Monel i nā ʻano manu kai he nui, e like me ka albatross e noho ana ma nā wahi wai kai ʻino.

Mea kani
Hoʻohana ʻia ka monel alloy e hana i kekahi mau piston valve a i ʻole rotors kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā pū liʻiliʻi, nui a me Farani. Ua hoʻohana ʻo RotoSound i ka huila Monel e hana i nā kaula kīkā uila i ka makahiki 1962. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau kaula e nā mea pena kiʻi. I ka makahiki 2017, ua hoʻokuʻu ka hui kaula D'Addario (hui hui D'Addario string) i kahi pūʻulu o nā huahana string violin, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kaula poʻe ʻeha me ka ʻeha Monel alloy ma nā kaula D a me G.

 

Nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe
Nā hōʻailona ʻike i hana ʻia me Monel alloy (Hui ʻīlio no nā koa ʻAmelika i ke Kaua Honua II)

ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻino maikaʻi loa i nā ʻakika like ʻole a me ka oxygen e hana ai ʻo Monel alloy i mea kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻoihana kemika. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohana ʻē aʻe e like me:
1. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Uranium, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā pipelines nui-diameter i hoʻohana ʻia no ka uranium hexafluoride i hana ʻia me ka alloy Monel;
2. Hoʻoponopono kiwi no ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika reactive bottled gas (e like me HCl);
3. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Monel alloy i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mokuahi superheated o nā hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho mahu;
4. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka monel alloy no ka hana ʻana i nā pahu kīhini a me nā kiʻi kiʻi;
5. ʻO ke keʻena kuni i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka paipu puhi ahi;
6. He 10,000 makahiki ke ola o ka manao o ka Uaki o Long Now. Ma ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā metala makamae, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka uaki me nā mea hoʻohui Monel e pili ana i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka pale ʻana i ka corrosion.