Nānā Radiographic o nā Casting

Nānā Radiographic o nā Casting

 

1. Ke kumu kumu o ka lekiō

I ke kaʻina hana o ke komo ʻana i ka hoʻolei ʻana, hoʻopili ʻia ka X-ray a i ʻole γ-ray me ka mea, a ua hoʻemi ʻia kona ikaika e ka absorption a me ka lūlū ʻana. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā kiʻi me nā ʻeleʻele like ʻole e pili ana i ke ʻano o loko a me nā hemahema o ka mea ma ke kiʻi kiʻi. Hoʻoholoʻia keʻano o ka hemahema mai nā mea e like me keʻano, ka nui, ka nui, ka hoʻonohonohoʻana, ka hāʻawiʻana a me kaʻeleʻele o ke kiʻi, a laila ua heluʻia a heluʻia ka hemahema e like me keʻano, ka nui a me ka nui o ka hemahema. Ma kēia ala, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ke ʻano a me ka paʻakikī o nā hemahema o loko o ka hoʻolei ʻana.

 

2. ʻIke Radiographic a me ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi

ʻO ka ʻike radiographic e pili ana i ka hiki ke ʻimi i nā hemahema liʻiliʻi loa i ka hoʻolei ʻana. Ma muli o ka mana o ke ʻano, wahi, hoʻonohonoho, ka nui, ka nui a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe o nā hemahema i ka hoʻolei ʻana, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike kīnā i ka wā o ke kaʻina kiʻi e ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi kiʻi. ʻO ka mika kiʻi kiʻi (kahi i ʻike ʻia he penetrometer) he hōʻailona. Hana ʻia ia me ka mea like me ka coefficient attenuation like me ka hoʻolei ʻana. ʻO nā mika maikaʻi o nā kiʻi maʻamau, ʻo ia nā mika o ke kiʻi ʻano uwea, nā mika maikaʻi kiʻi ʻano lua a me nā mika ʻano kiʻi slot. Hōʻike ʻia ka laina (pu, groove) anawaena o ka mika maikaʻi o ke kiʻi e ka index o ke kiʻi. ʻO ka nui o ka waiwai kuhikuhi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi. Ma kēia ʻano, hiki ke hōʻike pololei ʻia ka ʻike ʻike hewa radiographic e ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi kiʻi. ʻO ka mika kiʻi kiʻi kahi mea hana e ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka nui maoli o nā hemahema i loko o ka hoʻolei ʻana i hiki ke ʻike ʻia.

 

3. Hoʻohana maʻamau nā kūlana honua no ka hoʻāʻo radiographic.

ʻO ke kiʻi radiographic reference ASTM ka maʻamau i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa.

 

4. Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka nānā ʻana i ka Radiographic

1) ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi nui loa o ka nānā ʻana i ka radiographic ʻo ia ka intuitive a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano o nā hemahema. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hemahema o loko o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni inā lōʻihi lākou i loko o ka laulā o ka ʻike kiʻi.

2) He kiʻekiʻe ka nānā ʻana o ka radiographic no nā hemahema volumetric (e like me nā pores, nā ʻāʻī shrinkage, shrinkage porosity, one inclusion, a me ka slag inclusion); loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano noʻonoʻo no nā hemahema planar (e like me nā māwae, nele o ka hui ʻana, etc.). Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka hoʻolei ʻana ma mua o 40mm, he paʻakikī ke ʻike i nā hemahema e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka radiographic inspection, a haʻahaʻa hoʻi ka naʻau ʻike o nā micro-cracks.

3) Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia a mālama ʻia nā kiʻi no ka manawa lōʻihi no ka huli ʻana a me ka nānā hou ʻana.

4) Pono ka nānā ʻana i ka radiographic i nā lako kūikawā a me nā pūnaewele, kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai, a lōʻihi ka pōʻaiapuni nānā, ʻaʻole kūpono no ka nānā wikiwiki a me ka batch o nā castings.

 

5 Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hemahema a me ka papa

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hemahema o loko macroscopic o nā castings i ʻike ʻia e ka radiographic inspection: porosity, one inclusion and slag inclusion, shrinkage cavity and shrinkage porosity, unfused iron a me unfused core, hot crack a me anu.

1) Nā hemahema stomatal. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Stomata ma ke ʻano he poepoe a oval paha ʻeleʻele, i kekahi manawa me nā huelo, puʻunaue ʻia i nā hui a i ʻole hoʻokahi. Ke hoʻohele ʻia i nā pūʻulu, ʻāwili nā kiʻi a loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā blowhole i ka paʻa hope o ka hoʻolei ʻana, kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai ke kinoea a hiki ʻole ke pakele. No ke ʻano intrusion reactive ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pores koʻikoʻi, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka papa honua o ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā lālani a hoʻopuehu ʻia e kū pololei i ka ʻili.

2) Nā hemahema o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke one a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka slag. Māhele ʻia ke one a me ka slag inclusions ma ke kiko kiko a i ʻole ke ʻano laina. Aia lākou ma ke ʻano laina, loaʻa iā lākou kekahi ākea a hiki ke puʻunaue wale ʻia i loko o ka hoʻolei ʻana. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka slag a puni ka lalo o ka lua shrinkage, a ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke one i kekahi manawa ma ka ʻili o ka hoʻolei ʻana.

3) Hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā lua a me nā hemahema porosity. Wahi a ke ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hemahema o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka castings i nā tubular, dendritic a me nā ʻāpana nui. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā mau hemahema ma lalo o ka riser a ma ka node wela paʻa hope loa. ʻO ka manawa like me nā pores, slag inclusions a me ka porosity shrinkage.

4) Nā hemahema i hui ʻole ʻia. ʻO nā kiʻi o nā kīnā ʻole e like me nā māwae, a he mau laina ʻeleʻele lākou a pau, akā ʻo kekahi ʻaoʻao o nā laina he laina laina pololei, aia wale nō ma kahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ai ka chiller i loko a i ʻole ke kākoʻo kumu.

5) Nā hemahema e like me ka māwae. I ka nānā ʻana i ka radiographic, hōʻike nā hemahema e like me ka māwae i nā laina ʻeleʻele ma ke kiʻi me nā ʻano like ʻole, pololei kekahi, pololei kekahi, akā ʻoi ko lākou mau welau a ʻaʻole pōʻai ke poʻo. ʻIke pinepine ʻia nā hemahema e like me ka māwae ma ka piko wela o ka hoʻolei ʻana a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā loli hikiwawe o ka ʻāpana.