ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā kalaponaʻo ia nānā hoʻolei maʻamauhana ʻia e ka wax nalowalekaʻina hoʻolei kālā(a i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻolei pololei ʻana) o ke kila kalapona. ʻO ke kila kalapona hoʻolei ʻia ke ʻano o ke kila hoʻolei me ke kalapona ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohuihui nui a me kahi mea liʻiliʻi o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa, hoʻolei i ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka maʻiʻo kalapona o ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o 0.25%, ʻo ke kalapona kalapona o ke kila kalapona waena ma waena o 0.25% a me 0.60%, a ʻo ka ʻike kalapona o ke kila kalapona kiʻekiʻe ma waena o 0.6% a me 3.0%. Hoʻonui ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ke kila kalapona hoʻolei me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike kalapona. Loaʻa nā ʻano mea maikaʻi e like me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka plasticity kiʻekiʻe. Kiolakalapona kilahiki ke hoʻohana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana e halihali i nā ukana kaumaha, e like meʻāpana ʻāpana tractor, nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa, nā kaʻa, nā hale wili kila e kū nei, nā kahua paʻi hydraulic i nā mīkini kaumaha. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻāpana e pili ana i nā ikaika nui a me ka hopena, e like me nā huila, nā huila, nā bolsters a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao ma nā kaʻa kaʻa.
He ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana kalapona kila no ka hoʻolei kālā | |||||||||||
ʻAʻole. | Kina | Iapana | USA | ISO | Kelemānia | Palani | Rusia гост | Kuekene SS | Beritania | ||
GB | JIS | ASTM | UNS | DIN | W-Nr. | NF | BS | ||||
1 | ZG200-400 (ZG15) | SC410 (SC42) | 415-205 (60-30) | J03000 | 200-400 | GS-38 | 1.0416 | - | 15л | 1306 | - |
2 | ZG230-450 (ZG25) | SC450 (SC46) | 450-240 965-35) | J03101 | 230-450 | GS-45 | 1.0446 | GE230 | 25л | 1305 | A1 |
3 | ZG270-500 (ZG35) | SC480 (SC49) | 485-275 (70-40) | J02501 | 270-480 | GS-52 | 1.0552 | GE280 | 35л | 1505 | A2 |
4 | ZG310-570 (ZG45) | SCC5 | (80-40) | J05002 | - | GS-60 | 1.0558 | GE320 | 45л | 1606 | - |
5 | ZG340-640 (ZG55) | - | - | J05000 | 340-550 | - | - | GE370 | - | - | A5 |